Understanding Strangles in Horses: An Equine Health Concern
Strangles is an equine disease that remains a significant health concern due to its contagious nature and potential impact on horse operations. The recent case of a Quarter Horse stallion in Newaygo County, Michigan, testing positive for Strangles highlights the ever-present challenge this disease poses to the horse community. In this article, we delve into the causes, symptoms, prevention, and the role of organizations like the Equine Disease Communication Center (EDCC) in tackling this issue.
What is Strangles?
Strangles is a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. This bacterium primarily affects the equine upper respiratory tract, with hallmark symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a thick nasal discharge. The disease is so named because swollen lymph nodes can obstruct the airway, causing the horse to "strangle."[3]
Transmission and Silent Spreaders
One of the major challenges with Strangles is its ease of transmission. It spreads primarily through direct contact between horses or indirectly via contaminated surfaces like equipment, handlers' clothing, and boots. Additionally, horses that appear healthy can still be infected and spread the disease, while those recovered may remain contagious for over six weeks[1][3]. This "silent shedding" underscores the critical need for comprehensive biosecurity measures.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Clinical signs of Strangles can appear within 3 to 14 days after exposure. These include high fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, nasal discharge, and difficulty swallowing due to swollen lymph nodes. Abscesses under the jaw or neck may form and rupture, with the discharge being particularly infectious[1][2][4]. Complications can include more severe conditions like "bastard strangles," where abscesses spread to other parts of the body[2].
Diagnosis typically employs polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of nasal swabs or samples from abscesses. This method provides an accurate confirmation that helps determine the necessary course of management.
Management and Treatment
Managing Strangles focuses on supportive care, which involves maintaining a warm, dry, and dust-free environment for the affected horse. Adequate nutrition and close monitoring of the disease progression are essential. Antibiotics are typically reserved for more severe cases to avoid hindering the development of natural immunity[2][3].
The Role of Vaccination and Biosecurity
Vaccination against Strangles is available; however, its effectiveness varies. Hence, vaccination should be considered as part of a broader prevention strategy alongside stringent biosecurity protocols. This involves isolating affected horses, disinfecting equipment and environments, and closely observing all horses within a facility for signs of the disease. These measures not only help prevent an outbreak but also mitigate the spread of the disease should it occur[3].
EDCC: Providing Accurate and Timely Information
The Equine Disease Communication Center (EDCC) plays a crucial role in providing timely and accurate information on equine diseases for veterinarians and horse owners. Funded by donations from the equine industry, this nonprofit initiative ensures that stakeholders are informed about potential health threats and outbreaks. Through programs like the EDCC Health Watch, the organization disseminates valuable knowledge that aids in disease surveillance and the protection of equine health[5].
The Impact of Strangles on the Horse Industry
Strangles does not only affect the individual health of horses but also has a broader impact on the horse industry. Quarantines and strict biosecurity measures can disrupt horse operations, affecting everything from daily management to major competitive events. Understanding this impact can help industry stakeholders better prepare and respond to future outbreaks.
Ultimately, tackling Strangles requires a multifaceted approach involving awareness, prevention, and management strategies. As the recent case in Michigan illustrates, the threat is ever-present, but with reliable information and effective biosecurity practices, horse owners and caretakers can successfully protect their equine companions.
Sources: The Horse
